Europe's financial sector spans multiple national markets unified by European Union regulatory frameworks, including oversight from the European Central Bank, the European Securities and Markets Authority and national competent authorities across member states. Major financial centres including Frankfurt, Paris and Amsterdam host banking, capital markets and asset management activity operating under harmonised licensing and conduct standards. Cross-border banking and capital markets integration continues to shape regulatory policy across the region. This section brings together the institutions, regulatory frameworks and market developments shaping financial markets across Europe, from banking supervision to capital markets structure and regulatory policy.